Vocabulary Notes 5

Abdomen and Gastrointestinal System Vocabulary

abdomen absorb anus appendix backwash belch belly button bile bloating bout  bowel bowel movement burp colon colostomy constipation contractions cramping diaphragm diarrhea

digestion diverticula diverticulitis diverticulosis dysphagia epigastric erode esophageal esophagus expel feces flare flatulence gallbladder gas gastritis gastroenteritis heartburn hemorrhoid hiatal hernia

indigestion intestinal tract lower esophageal sphincter moderate navel obstruction occult blood pancreas peptic ulcer pouches rectum reflux regurgitation Schatzki’s ring stomach acid stool strain swallow tenderness

Idiomatic expressions using “stomach”

1. hard to stomach means that the person dislikes something or someone else very much
2. to have butterflies in one’s stomach means to have anxiety and feelings of fear.
3. to be difficult to stomach means to be unable to accept someone or endure something that is unpleasant or wrong.
4. turn one’s stomach means to disgust someone or to make one feel sick.
5. eyes are bigger than one’s stomach means to eat more food than one can eat.
6. not have the stomach for means the person has no desire for something he or she feels is wrong or unpleasant.
7. can’t stomach means to dislike someone or something very much.

Musculoskeletal System Vocabulary

aching ankylosing spondylitis arthritis autoimmune bony lumps brittle bursitis carpal tunnel syndrome cartilage collagen connective tissue debilitating deformity degenerative erythrocyte sedimentation rate fibromyalgia

flexibility fracture fusion gout immune joints knuckles ligaments lupus mobility nodes osteoarthritis osteoporosis photosensitivity range of motion relapse remission

rheumatism scleroderma Sjögren’s syndrome spine stiffness stooped posture stress stretch subside susceptible synovitis temporomandibular joint tendonitis urate crystals vertebrae wear and tear

Idiomatic Expressions using “Joint,” “Muscle” and “Spine”

1.  to put one’s nose out of joint means to be upset about something.
2. muscle one’s way in means to use one’s strength to get where you want to go.
3. to send chills/shivers up/down one’s spine means to cause someone to feel frightened or excited.

Idiomatic Expressions using “Stiff”

1. to be bored stiff means to be extremely bored.
2. to be scared stiff means to be extremely scarred.
3. a stiff means a dead body.
4. to be stiff-necked means to be stubborn and to refuse to change or obey.
5. to be stiffed means someone is not paid the money they are expected to receive.

 Idiomatic Expressions using “Bone”

1. a bone of contention refers to something that people disagree about.
2. to feel something in one’s bones means to be sure about something even though you have no proof.
3. to make no bones about something means to not feel ashamed or nervous about saying or doing something.
4. work one’s fingers to the bone means to work very hard.
5. to have a bone to pick means to you want to talk to the person who is annoying you.

 Idiomatic Expressions using “Back”

1. behind one’s back means to say or do something secretly.
2. to get off one’s back means to tell someone to stop criticizing, nagging, or telling them what to do.
3. to break one’s back means to work very hard on something.
4. to give someone a pat on the back means to congratulate and praise someone.
5. to stab someone in the back means to betray and do something bad to a person who trusts you.

Neurologic System and Mental Health Vocabulary

Alzheimer’s disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis aspirate atonic atrophy balance bipolar disorder dementia depression dexterity disorientation distracted electric shock epilepsy episode exacerbation

forgetfulness gait irreversible isolation jerking movements lapse light therapy mental impairment multiple sclerosis mumbling speech myelin sheath myoclonic neurology obsessive-compulsive disorder onset panic attack

phobias pill rolling progressive rigid rouse seizure shuffling walk slurred speech spinal tap staring spells suicide tremor twitch unsteady voluntary muscles wandering

Idiomatic Expressions using “Head”

1. to bite someone’s head off is to be very angry at someone.
2. to hang one’s head means to be embarrassed and ashamed.
3. to keep your head above water means to have a difficult time surviving because of money and other problems.
4. to lose one’s head means to be unable to stay calm.
5. to keep one’s head means to remain calm.

 Idiomatic Expressions using “Mind”

1. give someone a piece of one’s mind means to tell someone how angry you are.
2. one’s mind goes blank means the person cannot remember something.
3. boggles the mind means that something is confusing and difficult to accept or imagine.
4. peace of mind means a feeling of calm and no worries.
5. mind-numbing means to be extremely boring.
6. Idiomatic Expressions using “Brain”
7. to pick someone’s brain means to ask someone who knows a lot about something for advice and information.
8. to rack/beat one’s brains means to think very hard and long about something.

Answer Key: Pre-Assessment Exam 5

Notes on Active and Passive Tenses

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST  The active object becomes the passive subject.  am/is/are +  past participle  was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present  The movie fascinates me.  The movie bores Jack.  The movie surprises them.	Passive: Simple Present  I am fascinated by the movie.  Jack is bored by the movie.  They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past  The movie bored me.  The movie fascinated Jack.  The movie surprised them.	Passive: Simple Past  I was bored by the movie.  Jack was fascinated by the movie.  They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)  Passive form:   am/is/are + being + past participle  was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous  I am helping Shannon.  June is helping Su and Ling.	Passive: Present Continuous  Shannon is being helped by me.  Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous  I was cleaning the bathroom.  They were cleaning the bedroom.  Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.	Passive: Past Continuous  The bathroom was being cleaned by me.  The bedroom  was being cleaned by them.  The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT  Passive form:   have/has been + past participle  had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect  I have mailed the gift.  Jack has mailed the gifts.	Passive: Present Perfect  The gift has been mailed by me.  The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect  Steven Spielberg had directed the movie.  Penny Marshall had directed those movies.	Passive: Past Perfect  The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.  The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect  John will have finished the project next month.  They will have finished the projects before then.	Passive: Future Perfect  The project will have been finished by next month.  The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES  Passive forms: will + be + past participle  is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL  I will mail the gift.  Jack will mail the gifts.	Passive: Future with WILL  The gift will be mailed by me.  The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO  I am going to make the cake.  Sue is going to make two cakes.	Passive: Future with GOING TO  The cake is going to be made by me.  Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS  The passive form follows this pattern:  modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)  Sharon will invite Tom to the party.  Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party.  (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)	Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)  Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.  Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.  (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)  Mai can foretell the future.  Terry can't foretell the future.  (Terry can not foretell the future.)	Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)  The future can be foretold by Mai.  The future can't be foretold by Terry.  (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT  Her company may give Katya a new office.  The lazy students may not do the homework.  MIGHT / MIGHT NOT  Her company might give Katya a new office.  The lazy students might not do the homework.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT  Katya may be given a new office by her company.  The homework may not be done by the lazy students.  MIGHT / MIGHT NOT  Katya might be given a new office by her company.  The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T  Students should memorize English verbs.  Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.	Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T  English verbs should be memorized  by students.  Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked  by children.
Active: OUGHT TO  Students ought to learn English verbs.  (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO  English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT  Students had better practice English every day.  Children had better not drink whiskey.	Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT  English had better be practiced every day by students.  Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT  Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad.  Customers must not use that door.	Passive: MUST / MUST NOT  A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.  That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO  She has to practice English every day.  Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.  DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO  Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day.  The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.	Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO  English has to be practiced every day.  The dishes have to be washed by them every day.  DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO  Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day.  Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO  I am supposed to type the composition.  I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book.  Janet is supposed to clean the living room.  She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum.  They are supposed to make dinner for the family.  They aren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO  The composition is supposed to be typed by me.  The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied.  The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.  Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her.  Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them.  Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

PAST MODALS  The past passive form follows this pattern:  modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE  The students should have learned the verbs.  The children shouldn't have broken the window.	Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE  The verbs should have been learned by the students.  The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.
Active: OUGHT TO  Students ought to have learned the verbs.  (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO  The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)  I was supposed to type the composition.  I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book.  Janet was supposed to clean the living room.  She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum.  Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner.  They weren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time)  The composition was supposed to be typed  by me.  The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied.  The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet.  Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her.  Dinner was supposed to be made by them.  Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.
Active: MAY / MAY NOT  That firm may have offered Katya a new job.  The students may not have written the paper.  MIGHT / MIGHT NOT  That firm might have offered Katya a new job.  The students might not have written the paper.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT  Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm.  The paper may not have been written by the students.  MIGHT / MIGHT NOT  Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm.  The paper might not have been written by the students.