NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
A noun is the name of a
person, place, or thing.
A concrete noun names
something that you can physically see, touch, taste, hear, or smell. An abstract noun names something that is
nonphysical that you cannot readily perceive through any of your five senses
(freedom, era, nationalism, love).
Singular nouns name one person,
place, or thing. Plural nouns name
more than one.
Nouns that name groups of people or things are called collective nouns.
A noun that is composed of two or more words acting as a single unit is
called a compound (snake dance,
sister-in-law, dragonfly).
A common noun names any one
of a class of people, places, or things. A proper
noun names a specific person, place, or thing.
Pronouns are words that
stand for nouns or for words that take the place of nouns.
Antecedents are nouns for
which pronouns stand.
Personal pronouns are used
to refer to the person speaking (I, we), the person spoken to (you), or the
person, place, or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they).
Reflexive pronouns are used
to add information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun near the
beginning of the sentence. Intensive pronouns are use simply to add emphasis to
a noun or pronoun. Both pronouns have the same form (myself, yourself,
themselves).
Demonstrative pronoun is
used to point out a specific person, place or thing (this, that).
A relative pronoun is used
to begin a subordinating clause and relate it to another idea in the sentences
(that, which, who).
An interrogative pronoun is
used to begin a direct or indirect question (what, which, who).
Indefinite pronouns are used
to refer to persons, places, or things often without specifying which ones
(everyone, anybody, something, both, others, all, some, none, most).
VERBS
A verb is a word or group of
words that expresses time while showing an action, a condition, or the fact
that something exists.
An action verb tells what
action someone or something is performing. A linking verb connects its subject with a word generally found near
the end of the sentence.
EXAMPLE: The
man looks busy. (linking verb)
The
man looks at the display. (action verb)
A verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. A verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence.
EXAMPLE: The
birds flew. (intransitive, the birds flew what? None)
The
birds ate the seeds. (transitive, the
birds ate what? The seeds)
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
An adjective is a word used
to describe a noun or pronoun or to give it a more specific meaning. An
adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND
INTERJECTIONS
A preposition relates the
noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence. These
relationships are spatial, directional, and chronological.
A conjunction is a word used
to connect other words or group of words.
Coordinating conjunctions are
used to connect similar parts of speech of equal grammatical weight (and, for,
but, nor, or so). Correlative
conjunctions come in pairs that also join elements of equal grammatical
weight (both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or). Subordinating conjunctions join two
ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate or dependent of the other (as,
because, lest, if, whenever, in order that, though, while).
Interjections is a word that
expresses feelings or emotions and functions independently (ah, aha, alas, oh,
ouch).
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